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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Signals01:30

Classification of Signals

In signal processing, signals are classified based on various characteristics: continuous-time versus discrete-time, periodic versus aperiodic, analog versus digital, and causal versus noncausal. Each category highlights distinct properties crucial for understanding and manipulating signals.
A continuous-time signal holds a value at every instant in time, representing information seamlessly. In contrast, a discrete-time signal holds values only at specific moments, often denoted as x(n), where...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Bayesian analysis of pentaquark signals from CLAS data.

D G Ireland1, B McKinnon, D Protopopescu

  • 1University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|March 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Two experiments on the Theta(+) pentaquark yielded conflicting results. Bayesian analysis shows they are compatible, but the initial finding lacked sufficient data to confirm the particle

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Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ
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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ
09:34

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • The CLAS collaboration conducted two experiments concerning the Theta(+) pentaquark.
  • These experiments utilized identical experimental setups, yet produced contradictory findings regarding the pentaquark's existence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile the conflicting results from the two CLAS experiments.
  • To assess the statistical significance of the evidence for the Theta(+) pentaquark.

Main Methods:

  • Bayesian analysis was employed to evaluate the compatibility of the two experimental datasets.
  • The information content of the first measurement was analyzed to determine its sufficiency for confirming the Theta(+) pentaquark.

Main Results:

  • The results from the two CLAS experiments are statistically compatible.
  • The initial measurement claiming evidence for the Theta(+) pentaquark did not provide sufficient information for an unambiguous determination of its existence.

Conclusions:

  • The apparent contradiction in experimental findings is resolved through Bayesian analysis.
  • A rigorous method for testing the existence of new candidate particles like the Theta(+) pentaquark is proposed.