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Related Concept Videos

Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the nucleus...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.Electrons Orbit the NucleusElectrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Initial state dependence in multielectron threshold ionization of atoms.

Agapi Emmanouilidou1, Peijie Wang, Jan M Rost

  • 1ITS, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-5203, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The geometry of atomic multielectron ionization depends on initial electron configuration. Calculations reveal T-shaped and triangular electron breakup patterns in three-electron systems like lithium.

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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

Published on: May 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Multielectron atoms exhibit complex ionization dynamics.
  • Understanding electron correlation is crucial for atomic ionization.
  • Threshold ionization reveals fundamental electron behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the influence of initial electron configuration on ionization geometry.
  • Determine the stability of classical fixed points in multielectron fragmentation.
  • Predict electron breakup geometries for experimental verification.

Main Methods:

  • Classical fixed point stability analysis of equations of motion.
  • Calculation of triple photoionization for lithium states.
  • Modeling multielectron threshold fragmentation.

Main Results:

  • Ionization geometry is dependent on the initial bound electron configuration.
  • For three-electron breakup, both symmetric triangular and asymmetric T-shaped configurations are possible.
  • Lithium ground and first excited states exhibit distinct triple photoionization geometries.

Conclusions:

  • The stability of classical fixed points governs multielectron fragmentation geometry.
  • Electron breakup geometry provides insights into atomic electronic structure.
  • Predictions are made for electron breakup patterns in threshold fragmentation experiments.