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Related Concept Videos

Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.The Golgi apparatus is a major sorting and dispatch station for the products of the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass
13:08

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass

Published on: August 10, 2017

Exiting the Golgi complex.

Maria Antonietta De Matteis1, Alberto Luini

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy. dematteis@negrisud.it

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|March 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell organelle identity depends on lipid and protein flux. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a key sorting hub, uses dynamic membrane structures and molecular machinery for trafficking, as revealed by advanced imaging.

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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass
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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell organelle composition is regulated by the dynamic exchange of lipids and proteins.
  • The trans-Golgi network (TGN) acts as a central sorting station for cellular trafficking pathways.
  • Understanding TGN function is crucial for comprehending organelle identity and homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing sorting and trafficking at the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
  • To provide a temporal and topographical framework for TGN dynamics.
  • To integrate recent findings on the molecular machinery involved in TGN function.

Main Methods:

  • Live-cell imaging techniques to observe dynamic processes in real-time.
  • Three-dimensional tomography for high-resolution structural analysis of the TGN.
  • Integration of data from advanced imaging to map molecular machinery assembly.

Main Results:

  • The TGN is a complex, dynamic network of tubular membranes.
  • Pleomorphic carriers are generated at the TGN for targeted delivery.
  • Recent imaging technologies enable the assembly of molecular machineries involved in TGN sorting and trafficking.

Conclusions:

  • The TGN's dynamic structure and molecular machinery are essential for maintaining organelle identity.
  • Advanced imaging provides unprecedented insights into the spatiotemporal regulation of TGN trafficking.
  • Further research can build upon this framework to understand cellular organization and disease.