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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Sympathetic Signaling

Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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Collateral Ganglia
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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Sympathetic skin responses in multiple sclerosis.

A Saari1, U Tolonen, E Pääkkö

  • 1Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. anne.saari@ppshp.fi

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
|March 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) are often abnormal in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Specific brain lesions, particularly in the temporal lobe, pons, and cerebellum, correlate with these sudomotor dysfunctions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Sudomotor dysfunction, indicated by abnormal sympathetic skin responses (SSRs), can occur in MS patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) and brain lesion volumes in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Main Methods:

  • Sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) were recorded in 27 MS patients and 27 healthy controls.
  • Brain lesion volumes were quantified using MRI, specifically proton density-weighted images.

Main Results:

  • Abnormal SSRs were observed in 52% of MS patients, with absence primarily in clinically severe cases.
  • Total brain lesion volume correlated with MS severity (EDSS score) and reduced SSR amplitudes in the feet.
  • Focal lesions in the temporal lobe, pons, and cerebellum were significantly associated with abnormal SSR reflexes.

Conclusions:

  • Sudomotor regulation failure in MS is linked to the presence of specific focal brain lesions.
  • This suggests a correlation between MS-related neurological damage and autonomic nervous system dysfunction.