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Turbulent Flow

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...

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Poiseuille's Law and Reynolds Number

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section

Published on: July 19, 2016

Ripple formation in weakly turbulent flow.

A Wierschem¹, C Groh, I Rehberg

¹Technische Mechanik und Strömungsmechanik, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter

|March 22, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that granular ripple formation under liquid flow begins at the same threshold as particle motion. Ripple coupling is primarily driven by the liquid

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section

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Published on: July 19, 2016

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Area of Science:

Fluid Dynamics
Sediment Transport
Granular Mechanics

Background:

Investigates granular ripple formation in an annular channel under liquid shear flow.
Examines weakly turbulent flows lacking a sharp boundary layer near the granular bed.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally study granular ripple formation under specific flow conditions.
To quantitatively characterize the flow field and turbulence.
To explore particle Reynolds numbers at the lower limit of the Shields diagram.

Main Methods:

Utilized particle image velocimetry (PIV) for flow field characterization.
Employed laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) for turbulence degree measurement.
Conducted quantitative measurements of granular flow on the surface.

Main Results:

Discovered that the threshold for particle motion closely matches the threshold for ripple formation.
Explored a new range of particle Reynolds numbers within the Shields diagram's lower limit.
Identified regions of low-velocity gradients on the leeward side of developed ripples where granular motion is minimal.

Conclusions:

The threshold for particle motion and ripple formation are nearly identical.
The liquid's flow field is the primary driver for coupling between ripples.