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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Published on: April 13, 2017

Microglia express a functional receptor for interleukin-23.

Yoshifumi Sonobe¹, Jiangfeng Liang, Shijie Jin

¹Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

|March 25, 2008

Summary

Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) is found on microglia, challenging previous distinctions between these cells and macrophages. Microglia may use IL-23 in an autocrine manner to promote inflammation.

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Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues

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Published on: August 4, 2022

Area of Science:

Immunology
Neuroscience
Cell Biology

Background:

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is crucial in autoimmune diseases, driving T-helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation.
The IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) is a heterodimer of IL-12 receptor beta1 (IL-12Rbeta1) and IL-23R, primarily found on Th17 cells.
Previous research suggested IL-23R expression distinguishes macrophages from microglia.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate IL-23R and IL-12Rbeta1 expression in microglia.
To determine if microglia possess a functional IL-23 receptor.
To re-evaluate the use of IL-23R as a marker differentiating microglia from peripheral macrophages.

Main Methods:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect mRNA.
Immunocytochemistry to detect protein expression.
Assays to measure signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 phosphorylation and chemokine production following IL-23 stimulation.

Main Results:

Microglia express both IL-23R and IL-12Rbeta1 mRNA and protein.
IL-23 stimulation enhanced Interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and chemokine production in microglia, indicating a functional IL-23 receptor.
IL-23R expression is not exclusive to peripheral macrophages and does not differentiate them from microglia.

Conclusions:

Microglia express a functional IL-23 receptor.
IL-23R is not a reliable marker for distinguishing microglia from peripheral macrophages.
Microglia-derived IL-23 may act in an autocrine fashion to induce chemokine production and recruit inflammatory cells.