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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...

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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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Published on: August 25, 2016

X-Ray Telescope Onboard Astro-E. II. Ground-Based X-Ray Characterization.

R Shibata, M Ishida, H Kunieda

    Applied Optics
    |March 25, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Astro-E x-ray telescope (XRT) achieved excellent imaging with a half-power diameter of 1.8–2.2 arcseconds. This advanced x-ray optics design significantly improved upon previous missions, enhancing effective area and field of view for cosmic observations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • X-ray Optics and Instrumentation

    Background:

    • Characterization of x-ray telescopes is crucial for astrophysical observations.
    • Previous x-ray telescope designs, like the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) XRT, had limitations in imaging capability and effective area.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform detailed x-ray characterization measurements of the Astro-E satellite's x-ray telescope (XRT).
    • To evaluate the imaging performance, effective area, field of view, and stray light characteristics of the XRT.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a narrow x-ray pencil beam for raster scan measurements at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (Japan) x-ray beam facility.
    • Measured on-axis and off-axis half-power diameter (HPD), effective areas at various energies, field of view, and stray light intensity.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an on-axis HPD of 1.8–2.2 arcseconds, a significant improvement over ASCA XRT's ~3.6 arcseconds.
    • On-axis effective areas for X-ray Imaging Spectrometers (XIS) ranged from 440 cm² at 1.49 keV to 170 cm² at 9.44 keV, with X-ray Spectrometer (XRS) areas being 5–10% larger.
    • Field of view diameter was ~19 arcseconds at 1.49 keV, decreasing to ~13 arcseconds at 9.44 keV. Stray light intensity within the XIS field of view was at most 1% of the on-axis source intensity.

    Conclusions:

    • The replication method and scaled-up design of the Astro-E XRT led to superior imaging capability and increased effective area compared to ASCA.
    • The telescope demonstrated excellent off-axis performance and well-controlled stray light, making it highly suitable for sensitive x-ray astronomy.