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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Socrates, problem-based learning and critical thinking --- a philosophic point of view
Shin-Yun Wang1, Jer-Chia Tsai, Horn-Che Chiang
1Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. shinyun@kmu.edu.tw
Abstract:
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a learner-centered educational method based on the principles of heuristics and collaboration. It has been considered an effective learning method in general and in professional education, especially in medical education. This article analyzes the thinking structure and philosophical background of PBL through the educational ideas of Socrates and the truth conception of Karl Popper. In the different phases of the PBL process, various truth conceptions will help to formulate the thinking framework of PBL --- from Socrates' truth of openness toward the truth of scientific accuracy of our modern age. Meanwhile, Popper's scientific theory of falsifiability further leads us to discuss the relationship between PBL and critical thinking.
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