Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Master Transcription Regulators

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

PRMT5 inhibitors actively promote metastatic progression of lung adenocarcinoma.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

EMT-ciliary signaling in quasi-mesenchymal-stem-like cells drives therapeutic resistance and is a druggable vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.

EMBO molecular medicine·2025

Same author

The PRMT5-splicing axis is a critical oncogenic vulnerability that regulates detained intron splicing.

iScience·2025

Same author

The PRMT5-splicing axis is a critical oncogenic vulnerability that regulates detained intron splicing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

EMT and primary ciliogenesis: For better or worse in sickness and in health.

Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)·2023

Same author

BMI1 is required for melanocyte stem cell maintenance and hair pigmentation.

Pigment cell & melanoma research·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

E2f6 and Bmi1 cooperate in axial skeletal development.

Maria Courel¹, Laurie Friesenhahn, Jacqueline A Lees

¹Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists

|March 28, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The E2F6-Bmi1 interaction is crucial for axial skeleton development by regulating Hox genes. However, this cooperation does not extend to the Ink4a-Arf locus, indicating distinct regulatory mechanisms.

More Related Videos

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Published on: May 17, 2016

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Published on: October 17, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Published on: May 17, 2016

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Flight Muscles for Omics Approaches

Published on: October 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Bmi1, a Polycomb Group protein in PRC1, regulates axial skeleton development via Hox gene repression.
Bmi1 also represses the Ink4a-Arf locus, maintaining stem cell self-renewal.
E2F6, an E2F family member, interacts with Bmi1 and PRC1 components, but its biological role is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in vivo interplay between E2F6 and Bmi1.
To determine the functional relevance of the E2F6-Bmi1 interaction in regulating target gene loci.

Main Methods:

Utilized mouse models to study the genetic interaction between E2f6 and Bmi1.
Analyzed the regulation of Hox genes and the Ink4a-Arf locus in relevant genetic backgrounds.

Main Results:

E2f6 and Bmi1 were found to cooperate in regulating Hox gene expression.
This cooperation was directly linked to the control of axial skeleton development.
Cooperation between E2F6 and Bmi1 was not observed in the repression of the Ink4a-Arf locus.

Conclusions:

The E2F6-Bmi1 interaction has significant in vivo relevance, particularly in axial skeleton development.
Hox genes and the Ink4a-Arf locus are subject to distinct regulatory mechanisms involving Bmi1.
Findings highlight the specificity of Polycomb Group protein-mediated gene regulation.