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Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Published on: April 14, 2016

Histological analysis of bone.

Urszula T Iwaniec¹, Thomas J Wronski, Russell T Turner

¹Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 29, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol impacts bone health across the lifespan. This study details histomorphometry methods to analyze alcohol

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Area of Science:

Bone biology and toxicology
Alcohol's effects on skeletal health

Background:

Alcohol consumption significantly impacts bone health, influencing growth, aging, and osteoporosis risk.
Existing methods like densitometry and CT scans assess bone mass and microarchitecture.
Serum biochemistry provides markers for bone turnover, but direct cellular analysis is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide detailed histomorphometry protocols for evaluating alcohol's effects on bone.
To enable direct in situ analysis of bone cells and their activities in response to alcohol.

Main Methods:

Histomorphometry is presented as the gold standard for direct cellular analysis of bone.
Detailed procedures cover specimen embedding, cutting, staining, and histological evaluation.
Focus is on rodent models for assessing cancellous and cortical bone changes.

Main Results:

Histomorphometry allows for precise characterization of alcohol's impact on bone cell activity.
The described methods facilitate the study of alcohol's effects on bone growth and turnover.

Conclusions:

Histomorphometry offers a definitive approach to understanding alcohol-induced bone alterations.
These protocols are crucial for advancing research into alcohol's complex relationship with bone health.