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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Published on: February 2, 2024

Pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming.

Shinya Yamanaka¹

¹Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. yamanaka@frontier.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

|April 1, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Generating pluripotent stem cells from patient somatic cells could overcome immune rejection and ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cell therapy. This review explores pluripotency mechanisms and induction methods.

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Regenerative Medicine
Immunology

Background:

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer potential for cell transplantation therapies.
Immune rejection and ethical concerns limit ESC applications.
Patient-specific pluripotent cells could address these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review molecular mechanisms of pluripotency.
To discuss methods for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
To explore alternatives to ESCs for cell therapy.

Main Methods:

Literature review of pluripotency.
Analysis of somatic cell reprogramming techniques.
Discussion of molecular pathways involved.

Main Results:

Pluripotency is regulated by complex molecular mechanisms.
Several methods exist to induce pluripotency in somatic cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising alternative.

Conclusions:

Reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells is feasible.
Patient-specific iPSCs can potentially avoid immune rejection.
Further research is needed to optimize iPSC generation and application for cell therapy.