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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Cap-dependent translation initiation and memory.

Jessica L Banko1, Eric Klann

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida - Health, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 61, Tampa, FL, USA.

Progress in Brain Research
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

mRNA translation regulation is crucial for long-term memory and synaptic plasticity. Understanding this process in neurons offers new insights into brain function and memory formation.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression changes are vital for synaptic strength and long-term memory.
  • Transcriptional control is one mechanism, but mRNA translation offers local control in neurons.
  • Neuronal mRNA translation regulation is an emerging research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the localization and regulation of mRNA translation during neuronal activity.
  • To focus on cap-dependent translation machinery in the mammalian central nervous system.
  • To link dysregulation of translation to behavioral phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on mRNA translation during synaptic plasticity.
  • Focus on cap-dependent translation initiation in mammalian neurons.

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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
09:52

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Published on: September 15, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
09:52

An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics

Published on: September 15, 2020

  • Analysis of behavioral consequences related to translation dysregulation.

    • Main Results:

    • mRNA translation is a key regulatory step in gene expression for memory.
    • Local control of translation in neurons is critical for synaptic plasticity.
    • Cap-dependent translation machinery is central to these processes.

    Conclusions:

    • Regulation of mRNA translation is essential for synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
    • Understanding translation mechanisms provides insights into neuronal function.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these pathways and their relation to behavior.