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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
07:10

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Biceps tendon and superior labrum injuries: decision making.

F Alan Barber1, Larry D Field, Richard K N Ryu

  • 1Plano Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Center, Plano, Texas, USA.

Instructional Course Lectures
|April 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Biceps pathology, often linked to rotator cuff issues, can be diagnosed and treated with arthroscopy. Surgical choices like tenotomy or tenodesis depend on patient factors and associated conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Shoulder Arthroscopy

Background:

  • Biceps tendon anatomy is known, but its function remains unclear.
  • Biceps pathology frequently co-occurs with rotator cuff disease.
  • Arthroscopy is crucial for diagnosing and treating biceps pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of biceps tendon pathology.
  • To discuss surgical options including tenotomy and tenodesis.
  • To highlight factors influencing surgical decision-making for biceps pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on biceps tendon pathology.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities, including clinical examination and arthroscopy.
  • Analysis of surgical techniques for biceps pathology (decompression, débridement, tenotomy, tenodesis).

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Published on: January 23, 2026

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
07:10

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
05:25

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Main Results:

  • Arthroscopy offers valuable diagnosis and treatment for biceps pathology.
  • Surgical decisions (tenotomy vs. tenodesis) depend on patient age, activity, cosmesis, and pathology.
  • Tenotomy is well-tolerated in patients over 60.
  • Various arthroscopic and open tenodesis techniques are available.
  • Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions are uncommon but diagnosed via arthroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Biceps pathology requires careful consideration of surgical options based on individual patient factors.
  • Arthroscopy is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of biceps and associated labral pathology.
  • Tailoring treatment to patient expectations and pathology ensures optimal outcomes.