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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
03:59

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy

Published on: January 10, 2019

[Loco-regional analgesia].

M A Alonso-Fernández1, M B Estébanez-Montiel, P Rico-Cepeda

  • 1Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España. mangelesalonsofernandez@yahoo.es

Medicina Intensiva
|June 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Epidural analgesia offers effective pain relief but requires careful monitoring for serious complications. Critical care settings utilize this technique for post-surgical and trauma pain management, necessitating vigilant safety measures.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
03:59

Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy

Published on: January 10, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology and Pain Management
  • Critical Care Medicine

Context:

  • Epidural analgesia is a vital pain management technique in critical care, particularly after surgery or major trauma.
  • The procedure involves catheter placement for drug delivery into the epidural space, targeting nerve roots for pain relief.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the efficacy of epidural analgesia for pain control.
  • To emphasize the potential serious complications associated with epidural analgesia.
  • To outline essential safety measures for diagnosing and treating adverse events.

Summary:

  • Epidural analgesia effectively manages pain using local anesthetics, opioids, or clonidine via continuous infusion or bolus.
  • Potential complications include pain, urinary retention, nausea, vomiting, itching, motor block, infection, respiratory depression, and hypotension.
  • Rigorous safety monitoring, including vital signs, sedation, sensory/motor levels, diuresis, and infection signs, is crucial for patient safety.

Impact:

  • Ensures optimal pain management in critical care patients.
  • Promotes early detection and treatment of epidural analgesia complications.
  • Enhances patient safety through comprehensive monitoring protocols.