New insight into the molecular evolution of the somatostatin family

The present review describes the molecular evolution of the somatostatin family and its relationships with that of the urotensin II family. Most of the somatostatin sequences collected from different vertebrate species can be grouped as the products of at least four loci. The somatostatin 1 (SS1) gene is present in all vertebrate classes from agnathans to mammals. The SS1 gene has given rise to the somatostatin 2 (SS2) gene by a segment/chromosome duplication that is probably the result of a tetraploidization event according to the 2R hypothesis. The somatostatin-related peptide cortistatin, first identified in rodents and human, is the counterpart of SS2 in placental mammals. In fish, the existence of two additional somatostatin genes has been reported. The first gene, which encodes a peptide usually named somatostatin II (SSII), exists in almost all teleost species investigated so far and is thought to have arisen through local duplication of the SS1 gene. The second gene, which has been characterized in only a few teleost species, encodes a peptide also named SSII that exhibits a totally atypical structure. The origin of this gene is currently unknown. Nevertheless, because the two latter genes are clearly paralogous genes, we propose to rename them SS3 and SS4, respectively, in order to clarify the current confusing nomenclature. The urotensin II family consists of two genes, namely the urotensin II (UII) gene and the UII-related peptide (URP) gene. Both UII and URP exhibit limited structural identity to somatostatin so that UII was originally described as a "somatostatin-like peptide". Recent comparative genomics studies have revealed that the SS1 and URP genes, on the one hand, and the SS2 and UII genes, on the other hand, are closely linked on the same chromosomes, thus confirming that the SS1/SS2 and the UII/URP genes belong to the same superfamily. According to these data, it appears that an ancestral somatostatin/urotensin II gene gave rise by local duplication to a somatostatin ancestor and a urotensin II ancestor, whereupon this pair was duplicated (presumably by a segment/chromosome duplication) to give rise to the SS1-UII pair and the SS2-URP pair.