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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Precise Visualization of Insulin Receptors A and B in Murine Brain with an RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay
Published on: July 15, 2025
New frontiers in insulin receptor substrate signaling
1Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Abstract:
Although most tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors directly bind Src homology 2 (SH2) proteins, the insulin receptor, and a select group of other hormone receptors-including an emerging group of cytokine receptors-phosphorylate intracellular insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, which subsequently bind SH2 proteins. There are currently two members of the IRS family (IRS-1 and IRS-2); these IRS proteins contain elements of substantial similarity, but may also play divergent roles in mammalian physiology. The engagement of IRS proteins by other receptors suggests that IRS proteins mediate diverse biological signals.
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