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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
Published on: January 29, 2013
Noninvasive evaluation of upper-extremity vascular perfusion
George D Chloros1, Nicholas N Smerlis, Zhongyu Li
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Abstract:
Evaluation of vascular disorders of the upper extremity requires an anatomic and functional approach. The combination of a good history and physical examination, laboratory testing, and specialized vascular laboratory studies will help detect any underlying collagen vascular disease or coagulopathy and provide physiologic-specific and patient-oriented management. This paper reviews the currently available noninvasive modalities for the evaluation of upper-extremity perfusion.
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