Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026
09:39
Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons as a Target for Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings
Published on: March 17, 2023
Postreceptor signaling mechanisms for Growth Hormone
1Centre for Child Growth and Hormone Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|May 1, 1994
Summary
Growth hormone (GH) signaling involves complex pathways, including JAK2 activation and classic signaling cascades. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms is crucial for deciphering GH
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Molecular Biology
- Cell Signaling
Background:
- Growth hormone (GH) mediates its biological effects through receptor activation.
- GH signaling involves intricate intracellular pathways influencing cellular functions.
- The precise interplay between these pathways remains an area of active research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and summarize the current understanding of GH signaling mechanisms.
- To highlight the key pathways involved in GH signal transmission.
- To discuss the shared and unique aspects of GH signaling.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent data on GH signaling.
- Analysis of molecular mechanisms following GH receptor activation.
- Integration of knowledge on various signaling cascades.
Main Results:
- GH signaling is initiated by ligand-induced receptor dimerization.
- Key pathways include JAK2 activation (cytokine receptor superfamily) and classical cascades (e.g., G-proteins, PKC).
- Multiple signaling cascades are activated, but their interrelationships are not fully elucidated.
Conclusions:
- GH utilizes a complex network of signaling pathways for its actions.
- Shared mechanisms with cytokine receptors and other signaling molecules are evident.
- Further research is needed to fully define the interconnections within GH signaling networks.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action
Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
01:16TGF - β Signaling Pathway
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
01:28Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
01:15Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
01:45Endocrine Signaling
Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
01:45Endocrine Signaling
Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.