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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model
09:44

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Published on: March 5, 2022

Polycystic ovary syndrome.

S Franks1

  • 1Stephen Franks is at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London W2 1PG, UK.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|November 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be diagnosed even without clinical signs of androgen excess. Treatment with human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) effectively induced ovulation and pregnancy in a patient with PCOS.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging, particularly in non-hirsute patients or those with normal initial hormone levels.
  • Anovulatory infertility is a frequent complication of PCOS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the diagnosis and management of a non-hirsute patient with PCOS.
  • To discuss endocrine features and treatment options for ovulation induction in PCOS.
  • To explore potential underlying mechanisms of PCOS.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical evaluation including assessment for androgen excess.
  • Hormonal assays: serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels.

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A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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  • Pelvic ultrasound to confirm polycystic ovarian morphology.
  • Treatment with low-dose human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) for ovulation induction.

    • Main Results:

    • Diagnosis of PCOS was confirmed by ultrasound and elevated LH and testosterone, despite absent clinical signs of androgen excess.
    • Ovulation was successfully induced in the first treatment cycle using HMG.
    • Single dominant follicle ovulation and subsequent pregnancy were achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • PCOS diagnosis requires comprehensive evaluation, including ultrasound and hormone levels, even without overt clinical signs.
    • HMG is an effective treatment for ovulation induction in anovulatory infertility associated with PCOS.
    • Further research into PCOS mechanisms is warranted.