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Related Concept Videos

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Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Published on: August 2, 2011

Disease intelligence for highly pathogenic avian influenza.

J Domenech1, J Slingenbergh, V Martin

  • 1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. joseph.domenech@fao.org

Developments in Biologicals
|April 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A comprehensive approach is vital for understanding and controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Key factors include wild birds, live-bird markets, and the roles of smallholder farms in HPAI epidemiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • Disease Ecology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) poses significant threats requiring a multifaceted understanding of its emergence, spread, and persistence.
  • Epidemiological insights are essential for predicting viral evolution and mitigating socioeconomic, environmental, institutional, and policy impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify all contributing factors to HPAI emergence, spread, and persistence.
  • To inform strategies for HPAI prevention and control based on lessons learned and technical assistance programs.
  • To clarify the distinct roles of smallholder versus commercial poultry farming systems in HPAI epidemiology.

Main Methods:

  • Risk assessment and intelligence gathering by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
  • Analysis of lessons learned from assisting countries in strategy design and technical assistance programs.
  • Evaluation of epidemiological contributions from various sources including wild birds, poultry farming systems, and market chains.

Main Results:

  • Wild birds are identified as long-distance transporters of the H5N1 virus.
  • The roles of ducks, live-bird markets, and trade are recognized as important elements in HPAI epidemiology.
  • The specific contributions of smallholder systems versus commercial farms to HPAI epidemiology remain unclear but smallholders are considered significant.

Conclusions:

  • Smallholder farming systems are crucial and must be integrated into HPAI control and prevention programs.
  • Market-driven changes in poultry farming can negatively impact smallholders and biodiversity; biosecurity improvements at farms and markets are recommended.
  • Strengthening animal health systems, risk analysis, and management are critical institutional factors for effective HPAI control.