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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)
10:07

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

Published on: August 26, 2016

EM analysis of phagosomes.

Chantal de Chastellier1

  • 1Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Electron microscopy (EM) offers unique insights into pathogen-host interactions by visualizing pathogen-containing compartments and their substructure. This technique aids in understanding pathogen survival mechanisms within host cells.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Microscopy Techniques

Background:

  • Electron microscopy (EM) uniquely combines sensitive protein detection with cellular substructure analysis.
  • Understanding pathogen-host interactions requires detailed knowledge of pathogen localization within cellular compartments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe EM methods for analyzing the spatial organization of organelles relative to pathogen-containing vacuoles.
  • To characterize pathogen-harboring compartments (e.g., phagosomes, autophagosomes).
  • To decipher molecular mechanisms of pathogen survival in host cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing electron microscopy (EM) for high-resolution imaging.
  • Applying sensitive protein-detection methods in conjunction with EM.

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Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)
10:07

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRFM)

Published on: August 26, 2016

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
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Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages
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Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

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  • Analyzing the spatial relationships between cellular organelles and pathogen-containing vacuoles.

    • Main Results:

    • EM enables detailed characterization of pathogen-associated compartments.
    • Spatial organization of organelles around pathogen vacuoles can be elucidated.
    • Insights into pathogen survival strategies within host cells are gained.

    Conclusions:

    • Electron microscopy is crucial for dissecting pathogen-host cell interactions at a subcellular level.
    • EM-based methods facilitate the study of pathogen compartmentalization and survival mechanisms.