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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

HMGB1: endogenous danger signaling.

John R Klune¹, Rajeev Dhupar, Jon Cardinal

¹Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)

|April 24, 2008

Summary

Alarmins, like High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), are released during cell stress to activate immune responses. HMGB1 plays complex roles in both inflammation and tissue repair, offering therapeutic potential.

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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

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Visualization of G3BP Stress Granules Dynamics in Live Primary Cells

Visualization of G3BP Stress Granules Dynamics in Live Primary Cells

Published on: May 21, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Innate immune system activation by pathogens is well-established.
Endogenous molecules, termed alarmins, are increasingly recognized for activating immune responses during cellular stress or damage.
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a key nuclear protein functioning as an alarmin.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the complex functions of HMGB1 as an alarmin.
To explore HMGB1's role in both infectious and non-infectious inflammatory conditions.
To discuss HMGB1's dual role in inflammation and tissue repair.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on HMGB1.
Analysis of HMGB1's signaling pathways and receptor interactions.
Examination of HMGB1's involvement in various disease models.

Main Results:

HMGB1 is released from stressed or damaged cells and activates immune cells via specific receptors.
HMGB1 is implicated in sepsis, autoimmunity, cancer, trauma, and ischemia reperfusion injury.
HMGB1 exhibits both pro-inflammatory and restorative functions, promoting tissue repair and regeneration.

Conclusions:

HMGB1 is a crucial alarmin with multifaceted roles in immunity and tissue homeostasis.
Understanding HMGB1's complex functions is vital for developing treatments for various human conditions.
HMGB1 holds significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and regenerative medicine.