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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
Published on: April 11, 2025
Supplemented standard 12-lead electrocardiogram for optimal diagnosis and reconstruction of significant body surface
Fred Kornreich1, Robert S MacLeod, Robert L Lux
1Unit of Cardiovascular Research and Engineering, School of Medicine, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
Abstract:
In this study, based on 120-lead body surface potential maps (BSPMs), we explored the improvement in electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis obtained by adding additional leads and using estimation of unmeasured leads. We found that adding a few leads observed to be optimal for diagnosis or signal capture combined with the existing 12-lead ECG improves diagnostic performance. Separately, using reconstruction (estimation) of BSPMs and using diagnostic criteria derived for maps also improve diagnostic performance over that provided by the recorded 12-lead ECG alone. Combining these 2 ideas, namely, addition of optimal leads and estimation of BSPMs improves performance even more.
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