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Related Concept Videos

Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Published on: December 20, 2024

Fracture frequency of all-ceramic crowns during dynamic loading in a chewing simulator using different loading and

S D Heintze1, A Cavalleri, G Zellweger

  • 1R&D, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein. siegward.heintze@ivoclarvivadent.com

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

High translucency e.max Press Exp all-ceramic molar crowns showed no fractures under dynamic loading, unlike IPS Empress. Luting protocol significantly impacts fracture load, with sinusoidal force profiles increasing failures in IPS Empress crowns.

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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Restorative Dentistry

Background:

  • All-ceramic molar crowns are widely used in restorative dentistry.
  • Understanding the fracture resistance of these materials under simulated oral conditions is crucial for clinical success.
  • Dynamic loading and various luting protocols can influence the mechanical integrity of ceramic restorations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the failure rates of IPS Empress and experimental e.max Press Exp all-ceramic molar crowns under dynamic loading.
  • To evaluate the fracture load of these crowns under static loading after dynamic testing.
  • To assess the influence of different dynamic loading and luting protocols on crown performance.

Main Methods:

  • 144 molar crowns (IPS Empress or e.max Press Exp) were luted on PMMA abutments using Variolink or glass-ionomer cement (GIC).
  • Crowns underwent dynamic loading in a chewing simulator with thermocycling, using sinusoidal or rectangular force profiles.
  • Non-fractured crowns were subjected to static compression loading; control groups were also tested.

Main Results:

  • No fractures occurred in the e.max Press Exp crowns, while IPS Empress crowns exhibited fractures and cracks.
  • Sinusoidal force profiles significantly increased fractures in IPS Empress crowns compared to rectangular profiles.
  • Luting protocol significantly affected fracture load, with greater variability in IPS Empress compared to e.max Press Exp.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic loading is essential for evaluating the clinical performance of all-ceramic molar crowns.
  • The sinusoidal force profile is recommended for dynamic testing of ceramic crowns.
  • e.max Press Exp demonstrates superior fracture resistance compared to IPS Empress under the tested conditions.