Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 5, 2026

06:37
Skin Tattooing As A Novel Approach For DNA Vaccine Delivery
Published on: October 18, 2012
Invisible tattoo granuloma
Paul M Bedocs1, Maureen Cliffel, Michael J Mahon
1Division of Dermatology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA. paulbedocs@yahoo.com
Cutis
|April 30, 2008
Summary
Recreational use of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) can lead to adverse events, such as invisible tattoo granulomas. This case highlights potential risks associated with non-medical PMMA applications.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Polymer Science
- Medical Device Safety
Background:
- Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a versatile synthetic polymer widely utilized in industrial and medical applications.
- In dermatology, PMMA is recognized for its use as an injectable filler for cosmetic wrinkle correction.
Observation:
- This report details an unusual adverse event stemming from the non-medical, recreational application of PMMA.
- The specific manifestation observed was an invisible tattoo granuloma, a condition not previously linked to PMMA use.
Findings:
- The study documents the first instance of a granuloma formation associated with the recreational use of PMMA.
- This finding underscores the potential for unforeseen complications when PMMA is employed outside of established medical protocols.
Implications:
- This case highlights the importance of regulating non-medical uses of synthetic polymers like PMMA.
- Healthcare providers should be aware of potential PMMA-related adverse events, even from recreational applications.
- Further research is warranted to understand the risks associated with non-approved uses of PMMA.
Related Concept Videos
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Healing II: Complications
Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
Skin Diseases and Disorders
Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Papillary Dermis
Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...