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Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists.

Larissa Kerecuk1, Michiel F Schreuder, Adrian S Woolf

  • 1Nephro-Urology Unit at University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK.

Nature Clinical Practice. Nephrology
|May 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Congenital renal tract malformations affect all ages and are a leading cause of pediatric end-stage renal disease. Research is ongoing to understand their genetic causes and optimize long-term renal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Renal tract malformations are congenital anomalies of the kidneys and/or lower urinary tract.
  • These conditions can manifest prenatally, in childhood, or adulthood, posing diagnostic challenges.
  • Severe forms like bilateral renal agenesis can lead to renal failure, while conditions such as pelviureteric junction obstruction and vesicoureteric reflux are more common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, causes, and management of renal tract malformations.
  • To highlight their significance as a cause of childhood end-stage renal disease.
  • To discuss the implications of familial occurrence and genetic mutations for screening and understanding disease etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on renal tract malformations.
  • Analysis of the impact of these malformations on renal function across different age groups.
  • Discussion of current and potential therapeutic interventions and their effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • Renal tract malformations are the primary cause of end-stage renal disease in children.
  • The contribution of these malformations to adult renal replacement therapy may be underestimated.
  • Familial patterns and identified gene mutations suggest a genetic basis for some malformations.

Conclusions:

  • Renal tract malformations represent a significant burden of disease from infancy through adulthood.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the long-term benefits of prenatal and postnatal interventions.
  • Understanding the genetic underpinnings is crucial for family screening and potential targeted therapies.