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Related Concept Videos

Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies00:51

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species reproduce only once in their lifetime, often investing most available resources into that single reproductive event. Iteroparous species, by contrast, reproduce multiple times over their lifetimes, typically allocating fewer resources to any single...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
08:22

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Published on: February 25, 2016

Energy intake variability in free-living young children.

S B Nielsen1, C Montgomery, L A Kelly

  • 1University of Glasgow, Section of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK. s.nielsen.1@research.gla.ac.uk

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|May 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young children

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'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
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'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Published on: September 18, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
08:22

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

Published on: February 25, 2016

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
04:46

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Published on: September 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Human Physiology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Previous research suggested young children closely regulate daily energy intake.
  • This hypothesis was based on a small experimental study (n=15) reporting low day-to-day energy intake variation (CV=10.4%).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis of stable day-to-day energy intake in free-living young children.
  • To assess intra-individual variation in energy consumption in a real-world setting.

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 101 free-living children (aged 2.6-6.8 years) from Glasgow, Scotland, was studied.
  • Energy intake was measured using multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recalls.
  • Within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) in daily energy intake was calculated.

Main Results:

  • The study found a significantly higher within-subject CV of 19.2% in free-living children.
  • This variation was substantially greater than the 10.4% reported in prior experimental research (p<0.0001).
  • Four additional studies on free-living children reported similar high variations (CVs 16.1-28.7%).

Conclusions:

  • Young children exhibit considerable day-to-day variation in energy intake in free-living environments.
  • The assumption of tight energy intake regulation in young children may not hold true in natural settings.
  • Further research is needed to understand the factors influencing energy intake variability in pediatric populations.