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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Crippling HIV one mutation at a time.

Todd M Allen1, Marcus Altfeld

  • 1Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA. tallen2@partners.org

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|May 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research shows immune responses targeting conserved regions of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag gene can reduce viral replication. This finding is crucial for developing effective HIV vaccines.

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Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Not all immune responses are equally effective at controlling HIV-1 replication.
  • The conserved regions of HIV-1 are critical for viral function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of immune-driven sequence polymorphisms in the HIV-1 Gag region on viral replication.
  • To identify potential targets for an effective HIV-1 vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sequence polymorphisms in the HIV-1 Gag region of transmitted viruses.
  • Correlation of these polymorphisms with viral replication rates in newly infected individuals.

Main Results:

  • Multiple immune-driven sequence polymorphisms in the conserved HIV-1 Gag region were identified.
  • These polymorphisms are associated with reduced HIV-1 replication in newly infected humans.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting conserved viral regions, such as the HIV-1 Gag region, may be a promising strategy for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
  • Immune responses targeting specific polymorphisms in conserved regions can control HIV-1 replication.