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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

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Skin Biopsy for Diagnosing Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
05:44

Skin Biopsy for Diagnosing Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

Published on: June 10, 2025

Skin involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases.

Shadi Rashtak1, Mark R Pittelkow

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic College of edicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Current Directions in Autoimmunity
|May 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune diseases manifest in diverse skin conditions, affecting connective tissues, blood vessels, endocrine glands, and gastrointestinal systems. Recognizing these varied cutaneous signs is crucial for diagnosing and managing autoimmune disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases exhibit a wide spectrum of skin manifestations.
  • These cutaneous signs can be the initial or primary presentation of underlying systemic autoimmune conditions.
  • Understanding these dermatological features is key for accurate diagnosis and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the diverse cutaneous manifestations associated with various autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight the diagnostic significance of skin lesions in systemic autoimmune disorders.
  • To provide a consolidated resource for clinicians on autoimmune-related dermatoses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autoimmune diseases and their associated skin findings.
  • Categorization of cutaneous manifestations based on affected organ systems (connective tissue, vasculitis, endocrinopathy, etc.).
  • Synthesis of information on pathological skin changes linked to specific autoimmune conditions.

Main Results:

  • Connective tissue disorders present with nodules, plaques, acne, pustulosis, livedo reticularis, ulcerations, and xerosis.
  • Autoimmune vasculitides manifest as papules, nodules, livedo reticularis, purpura, bulla, and ulcerations.
  • Endocrinopathies show pretibial myxedema, dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica, vitiligo, alopecia areata, and hyperpigmentation.
  • Gastrointestinal, hematologic, and paraneoplastic disorders also present with distinct skin findings.

Conclusions:

  • Cutaneous manifestations are integral to the diagnosis and understanding of many autoimmune diseases.
  • Diverse skin presentations across various autoimmune conditions necessitate a broad dermatological knowledge base for effective clinical practice.
  • Early recognition of these skin signs can lead to timely diagnosis and improved outcomes for patients with autoimmune disorders.