Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural properties, polymorphism, and multiscale disorder unravel energy transport limitations in perylene diimide semiconductors.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Harnessing microalgae for the biosynthesis of molecular crystals.

Nature biotechnology·2026
Same author

Understanding the Mechanism of Nontraditional Zeolite Synthesis Using <i>In Situ</i> Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

In-situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy reveals competing crystallization pathways for a system that forms structurally diverse multicomponent crystalline phases.

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance·2025
Same author

On-site genetic diagnosis for the invasive pest Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) and its possible application.

Pest management science·2025
Same author

Exploiting <i>in situ</i> NMR spectroscopy to understand non-traditional methods for zeolite synthesis.

Chemical science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

Residue-based charge flipping: a new variant of an emerging algorithm for structure solution from X-ray diffraction

Zhongfu Zhou, Kenneth D M Harris

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
    |May 9, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new residue-based charge flipping (RBCF) method improves X-ray diffraction structure solution by incorporating residue information. This technique achieves high success rates and faster convergence compared to standard charge flipping (CF).

    More Related Videos

    Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092
    08:53

    Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

    Published on: October 2, 2017

    Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
    14:04

    Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

    Published on: January 16, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

    X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
    09:16

    X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

    Published on: June 8, 2016

    Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092
    08:53

    Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

    Published on: October 2, 2017

    Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
    14:04

    Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

    Published on: January 16, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • X-ray Diffraction
    • Structure Solution

    Background:

    • Charge flipping (CF) is a key technique for solving crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data.
    • Standard CF methods often critically depend on selecting an appropriate electron density threshold (delta).
    • Existing CF algorithms require careful parameter tuning for successful structure determination.

    Discussion:

    • Residue-based charge flipping (RBCF) introduces calculated and experimental structure factor and electron density residues into the CF algorithm.
    • RBCF eliminates the need for a positive threshold electron density value (delta), simplifying the process.
    • The RBCF algorithm was tested on three structures, demonstrating its applicability.

    Key Insights:

    • RBCF achieved correct structure solutions in all test cases with over 90% success rate from random initial phases.
    • RBCF exhibits significantly faster convergence compared to standard CF, with rapid R-factor improvement from the start.
    • The absence of the delta parameter and rapid convergence suggest RBCF is a robust and efficient method.

    Outlook:

    • RBCF shows promise as a valuable tool for future crystallographic structure solution.
    • The simplified parameterization and improved convergence could broaden the application of charge flipping techniques.
    • Further development and application of RBCF are expected in the field of X-ray crystallography.