Cell cycle arrest induced by pisosterol in HL60 cells with gene amplification

The leukemia cell line HL60 is widely used in studies of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and adhesion mechanisms in cancer cells. We conducted a focused cytogenetic study in an HL60 cell line, by analyzing GTG-banded chromosomes before and after treatment with pisosterol (at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.8 microg/ml), a triterpene isolated from Pisolithus tinctorius, a fungus collected in the Northeast of Brazil. Before treatment, 99% of the cells showed the homogeneously staining region (HSR) 8q24 aberration. After treatment with 1.8 microg/ml pisosterol, 90% of the analyzed cells lacked this aberration. We further performed a pulse test, in which the cells treated with pisosterol (0.5, 1.0, and 1.8 microg/ml) were washed and re-incubated in the absence of pisosterol. Only 30% of the analyzed cells lacked the HSR 8q24 aberration, suggesting that pisosterol probably blocks the cells with HSRs at interphase. No effects were detected at lower concentrations. At the highest concentration examined (1.8 microg/ml), pisosterol also inhibited cell growth, but this effect was not observed in the pulse test, reinforcing our hypothesis that, at the concentrations tested, pisosterol probably does not induce cell death in the HL60 line. The results found for pisosterol were compared with those for doxorubicin. Cells that do not show a high degree of gene amplification (HSRs and double-minute chromosomes) have a less aggressive and invasive behavior and are easy targets for chemotherapy. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the use of pisosterol in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapy.