Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System
Published on: April 23, 2021
Modeling the hot flash experience in breast cancer survivors
Janet S Carpenter1, Kevin L Rand
1Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. carpentj@iupui.edu
Objective:
To evaluate relationships among different measures of hot flashes, perceived hot flash interference, and associated outcomes (positive affect, negative affect) while controlling potential covariates.
Design:
Breast cancer survivors (N=236) provided demographic data, objective hot flash frequency data via sternal skin conductance monitoring, prospective diary-based hot flash frequency and severity data, and questionnaire data via the Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale.
Results:
Objective hot flash frequency and subjective hot flash severity emerged as separate factors in the structural equation model. Subjective hot flash frequency was associated with a high degree of unexplained variance (error) and seemed to be a potentially less accurate measure of either frequency or severity. Objective frequency was directly related to greater positive affect. In contrast, greater hot flash severity was (1) directly related to greater perceived hot flash interference and (2) indirectly related to more negative affect and lower positive affect through interference.
Conclusions:
Findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting among symptom measures and anticipating how interventions aimed at different hot flash measures might affect perceived hot flash interference or associated outcomes. Because objective hot flash frequency and subjective hot flash severity seemed to measure different dimensions, measuring both may provide a more comprehensive picture of women's symptom experiences.
Related Concept Videos
Menopause
Modeling in Therapy
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...
Mouse Models of Cancer Study
The development of transgenic, knockout, and knock-in mice has led to an exponential increase in their use as model organisms in research,...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress
Cancer Survival Analysis
Clearance Models: Physiological Models
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's proficiency in drug...
