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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Graphs of Two-Variable Functions01:27

Graphs of Two-Variable Functions

A weather map provides a practical example of a function of two variables. Across a wide region such as the United States, temperatures vary from one location to another. Each location can be identified by two geographic coordinates: longitude and latitude. Since a single temperature value is assigned to each coordinate pair, the situation can be represented mathematically as a function with two inputs and one output.In mathematical notation, longitude and latitude can be labeled as x and y,...
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
Applications of Life Tables01:22

Applications of Life Tables

Life tables are versatile across various fields, providing a quantitative basis for analyzing mortality and survival rates. Whether used by demographers, actuaries, epidemiologists, or sociologists, life tables offer valuable insights into the dynamics of life and death, facilitating informed decisions in public health, insurance, conservation, and beyond. Their broad applicability highlights the interconnectedness of demographic data with practical outcomes in everyday life and strategic...
Life Tables01:22

Life Tables

A life table is a statistical tool that summarizes the mortality and survival patterns of a population, providing detailed insights into the likelihood of survival or death across different age intervals within a cohort. By organizing data on survival probabilities and mortality rates, life tables offer a clear snapshot of population dynamics over time. They are extensively used in demography, public health, actuarial science, and ecology to analyze life expectancy, design health interventions,...
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Fa&#231;ade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
07:12

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers

Published on: December 12, 2025

Temperature and mortality in nine US cities.

Antonella Zanobetti1, Joel Schwartz

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. azanobet@hsph.harvard.edu

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
|May 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Extreme temperatures significantly increase mortality. This study found no evidence that air pollution affects this link, highlighting temperature as a key risk factor for public health.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Fa&#231;ade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
07:12

Façade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers

Published on: December 12, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Extreme temperatures are a global mortality risk.
  • The role of air pollution in temperature-related mortality is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between apparent temperature and total mortality.
  • To determine if air pollution confounds or modifies the temperature-mortality relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Case-crossover and time-series analyses were used.
  • Data from 213,438 deaths across 9 US cities (1999-2002) during the warm season were analyzed.
  • Meta-analysis combined city-specific estimates.

Main Results:

  • Mortality increased with rising apparent temperature.
  • A 5.5°C (10°F) increase in apparent temperature correlated with a 1.8% mortality increase (case-crossover) and a 2.7% increase (time-series).
  • No confounding or effect modification by air pollution was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated apparent temperature is linked to increased mortality.
  • Air pollution does not appear to confound or modify this association.
  • Temperature is a significant independent risk factor for mortality.