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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

Overview
Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

Overview
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Test Cross01:39

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.
Test Cross01:39

Test Cross

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica
12:01

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Published on: February 20, 2012

Cytogenetics off interpopulation Cuphea lanceolata hybrids.

M S Ali, S J Knapp

    Genome
    |December 1, 1995
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hybrids between Cuphea lanceolata f. silenoides and Cuphea lanceolata f. lanceolata are sterile due to meiotic abnormalities. These Cuphea lanceolata hybrids exhibit univalents and unequal chromosome distribution, preventing normal gamete formation and limiting genetic diversity access.

    Area of Science:

    • Plant genetics and breeding
    • Reproductive biology
    • Cytogenetics

    Background:

    • Cuphea lanceolata Ait. (Lythraceae) is an annual diploid plant known for its medium-chain fatty acid-rich seed oils.
    • Wild populations are classified into C. lanceolata f. silenoides and C. lanceolata f. lanceolata based on flower pigment differences.
    • Despite taxonomic closeness, interfertility between these taxa has not been established.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the meiotic phenomena responsible for hybrid sterility between Cuphea lanceolata f. silenoides and Cuphea lanceolata f. lanceolata.
    • To characterize chromosomal behavior during meiosis in parent and hybrid populations.

    Main Methods:

    • Assay of metaphase and anaphase I microsporocytes from parent (LNS-43 and LNC-78) and hybrid (LNS-43 x LNC-78 and LNC-78 x LNS-43) populations.

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  • Analysis of chromosome pairing, disjunction, univalent formation, and chromosome distribution in microsporocytes.
  • Quantification of stainable pollen percentage.

    • Main Results:

    • Hybrids exhibited significant meiotic abnormalities, including univalents (mean 5.95/cell), reduced bivalents (mean 1.51/cell), and fewer chiasmata (mean 4.04/cell) compared to parents.
    • Abnormal chromosome distributions, such as 7:5:0 (pole-pole-laggards), were frequent in hybrid anaphase I.
    • Hybrids were highly sterile, with only 1.1% stainable pollen compared to 94.9% in parents.

    Conclusions:

    • Meiotic irregularities, specifically univalents and unequal chromosome segregation, underlie the sterility of hybrids between C. lanceolata f. silenoides and C. lanceolata f. lanceolata.
    • The genetic diversity of C. lanceolata f. lanceolata is not accessible through hybridization with C. lanceolata f. silenoides due to post-zygotic reproductive barriers.