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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
Dysrhythmias VII: Nursing Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VII: Nursing Management of Dysrhythmias

Nursing management of dysrhythmias involves the following:AssessmentSubjective Assessment:The initial step involves gathering patient-reported symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, and chest discomfort. It is crucial to collect a detailed history, including previous heart conditions, current medication use, and lifestyle factors like caffeine and alcohol consumption.Objective Assessment:This involves observing clinical signs such as jugular venous distention, cool and pale skin, and...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Management of synkinesis.

Jacob Husseman1, Ritvik P Mehta

  • 1Center for Facial Nerve Disorders, Division of Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS
|May 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Facial synkinesis, involuntary facial movements after paralysis, often results from aberrant nerve regeneration. Treatments include botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections and neuromuscular retraining.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Facial Nerve Disorders
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Facial synkinesis is a distressing complication following facial paralysis.
  • It involves involuntary facial movements linked to voluntary actions, often due to aberrant facial nerve regeneration.
  • This condition can significantly impair daily activities and social interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of facial synkinesis.
  • To highlight the predominant mechanism of aberrant nerve regeneration.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of facial synkinesis pathophysiology and treatments.
  • Discussion of subjective (e.g., Sunnybrook scale) and objective (e.g., computerized video analysis) evaluation methods.

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Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
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Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

  • Analysis of therapeutic modalities including botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), neuromuscular retraining, and surgical options.

    • Main Results:

    • Aberrant regeneration of facial nerve fibers is the primary cause of synkinesis.
    • Common symptoms include eye closure with mouth movement and midfacial movement during eye closure.
    • Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections and neuromuscular retraining are the most common treatments.

    Conclusions:

    • Facial synkinesis significantly impacts quality of life.
    • BTX-A injections and neuromuscular retraining are effective treatments, largely replacing older surgical methods.
    • Objective evaluation techniques show promise for future clinical use.