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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe
06:04

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Published on: August 16, 2024

Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy.

Richard J Leventer1, Renzo Guerrini, William B Dobyns

  • 1Children's Neuroscience Centre & Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. richard.leventer@rch.org.au

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
|May 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are brain abnormalities disrupting neuronal circuitry, often causing epilepsy. This review details key MCDs, their causes, and MRI features.

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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are abnormalities in cerebral cortex formation during early pregnancy.
  • These disruptions can stem from genetic or environmental factors, impacting neuronal migration and organization.
  • MCDs often lead to epilepsy and other neurological deficits due to disrupted neural circuitry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common human cortical malformations associated with epilepsy.
  • To summarize the pathological, clinical, imaging, and etiological features of various MCDs.
  • To present representative MRI images for each discussed malformation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on MCDs and epilepsy.
  • Synthesis of information on pathological, clinical, and imaging characteristics.
  • Inclusion of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examples.

Main Results:

  • Detailed descriptions of MCDs including tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, hemimegalencephaly, lissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular nodular heterotopia, polymicrogyria, and schizencephaly.
  • Emphasis on the genetic basis for many MCDs, linked to mutations in specific genes.
  • Correlation between specific MCDs and characteristic MRI findings.

Conclusions:

  • MCDs represent a spectrum of developmental brain disorders with significant clinical impact, primarily epilepsy.
  • Understanding the etiology and specific features of each MCD is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Advances in genetic research continue to elucidate the causes of these complex malformations.