Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model
Published on: December 14, 2016
The relationship of biofilms to chronic rhinosinusitis
Darrell H Hunsaker1, Jeff G Leid
1Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA. darrell.hunsaker@med.navy.mil
Purpose Of Review:
To provide an update on the state of biofilm research in otolaryngology.
Recent Findings:
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a polymicrobial infection, which includes planktonic and biofilm infections with bacterial and fungal elements. The importance of genetic shift in microbes, when converting into a biofilm state, as well as the multiple phenotypes in each bacterial colony cannot be overemphasized. This creates a very sophisticated community of pathogens, some of which will likely survive a simple chemical treatment. Sinus cultures cannot be expected to provide a complete knowledge of the cause of chronic sinusitis. A new diagnostic method and innovative treatment plans will be necessary to provide a lasting treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Surgery combined with postoperative treatment is the most effective mean of controlling the majority of chronic rhinosinusitis infections. The challenges associated with the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis patients may be met by focusing more on the community of microorganism present in the sinuses.
Summary:
The understanding of the implication of chronic biofilm infections is growing rapidly but will require an enormous effort to completely control chronic rhinosinusitis.
Related Concept Videos
Biofilms
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features
The Oral Microbiota
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.

