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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

CD28 superagonists: what makes the difference in humans?

Burkhart Schraven¹, Ulrich Kalinke

¹Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. burkhart.schraven@med.ovgu.de

|May 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A 2006 clinical trial with the CD28 superagonistic antibody TGN1412 resulted in a severe adverse event. Ongoing research is investigating the critical differences between preclinical animal models and human responses to this antibody.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Pharmacology
Clinical Trials

Background:

The CD28 superagonistic antibody TGN1412 trial in 2006 led to a severe adverse event in human participants.
Understanding the discrepancies in biological responses between preclinical models and humans is crucial for drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the immunological differences between human and preclinical animal responses to the TGN1412 antibody.
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the adverse event observed in the TGN1412 clinical trial.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of TGN1412-induced immune cell activation in human and animal samples.
In vitro and in vivo studies to model the antibody's effects.

Main Results:

Significant differences identified in T-cell activation pathways between humans and preclinical species.
Specific immune cell populations exhibiting distinct responses to TGN1412.

Conclusions:

Preclinical models inadequately predicted the severe human response to TGN1412.
Further research is needed to refine predictive models for immunomodulatory drugs.