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Related Concept Videos

Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

Bcl-B expression in human epithelial and nonepithelial malignancies.

Maryla Krajewska1, Shinichi Kitada, Jane N Winter

  • 1Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.

Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
|May 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bcl-B, an anti-apoptotic protein, shows altered expression in various human cancers. Its expression correlates with prognosis, potentially defining distinct cancer subsets.

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Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles
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Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

Published on: October 5, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles
08:35

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

Published on: October 5, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Apoptosis is crucial in cancer development.
  • Bcl-B, an anti-apoptotic protein, interacts with Nur77/TR3.
  • Bcl-B expression in human malignancies is largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Bcl-B protein expression in normal human tissues and various human malignancies.
  • To correlate Bcl-B expression with tumor characteristics and patient survival.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to assess Bcl-B expression.
  • Analysis included normal tissues, multiple myelomas, lymphomas, and epithelial cancers (breast, prostate, gastric, colorectal, lung).
  • Results were correlated with tumor stage, grade, and patient survival data.

Main Results:

  • Bcl-B is highly expressed in normal plasma cells but reduced in multiple myeloma.
  • Tumor-specific overexpression of Bcl-B was observed in breast, prostate, gastric, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers.
  • Bcl-B expression correlated with poor prognosis in breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers, but with better outcomes in gastric cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Alterations in Bcl-B expression are specific to tumors.
  • These alterations may identify distinct subsets of epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms.
  • Bcl-B expression patterns could predict different clinical behaviors in cancers.