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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
Published on: May 20, 2016
Current status and the future of buccal drug delivery systems
S Indiran Pather1, Michael J Rathbone, Sevda Senel
1Pharmaceutics California Northstate College of Pharmacy, 10811 International Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, USA.
Background:
The delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa has received a great deal of attention over the last two decades, and yet there are not many buccal delivery products available on the market.
Objective:
This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of buccal drug delivery, provides a historical perspective and discusses representative developmental and marketed drugs.
Methods:
The structure of the oral mucosa is briefly described to preface a description of the pathways for drug absorption and a critical discussion of permeation experiments. A brief historical perspective followed by a description of some of the currently marketed products provides a picture of where we are today. An indication is given of likely progress in this area and of the attributes of a successful business entity of the future.
Conclusion:
The authors provide an assessment of the future potential of buccal and sublingual drugs.
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