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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to rotate...
Toroids01:27

Toroids

A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
When connected to a supply, the magnetic field generated in the toroid has field lines circular and concentric to its axis. Conventionally, the direction of this magnetic field is expressed using the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand curl in the current direction, the thumb points in the...
Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
Turbine-Governor Control01:17

Turbine-Governor Control

Turbine-governor control is crucial for maintaining power system stability by balancing turbine mechanical power output with electrical load demand. This mechanism ensures that generator frequency and rotor speed are within acceptable limits during load variations. Turbine-generator units store kinetic energy due to their rotating masses; this energy is released to meet the load requirement when the load increases. The electrical torque of turbines rises to meet the demand, whereas the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter
17:31

Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter

Published on: June 16, 2008

What controls TOR?

Estela Jacinto1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. jacintes@umdnj.edu

IUBMB Life
|May 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase controls cell growth and can be inhibited by rapamycin. This review explores the latest findings on TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2) regulation mechanisms.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter
17:31

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Published on: June 16, 2008

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Published on: December 14, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a crucial protein kinase regulating cell growth.
  • Rapamycin, an immunosuppressive and anticancer drug, potently inhibits some TOR functions.
  • TOR operates within two distinct protein complexes: TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest findings on the mechanisms controlling TOR activity.
  • To discuss the inhibition of TORC1 by rapamycin and the elusive nature of this mechanism.
  • To address recent reports challenging current models of TOR regulation, particularly concerning TORC2.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings in yeast and mammals.
  • Analysis of current models of TOR regulation.
  • Synthesis of data on TOR complex assembly and function.

Main Results:

  • TORC1 is effectively inhibited by rapamycin, though the precise mechanism remains unclear.
  • Recent studies indicate rapamycin can also inhibit TORC2 functions, challenging existing regulatory models.
  • TOR activity is tightly controlled, impacting numerous cellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TOR regulation is critical for cell growth control.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of rapamycin's inhibition of TORC1 and TORC2.
  • The dual-complex nature of TOR (TORC1 and TORC2) and their differential regulation by rapamycin are key areas for future investigation.