Perfluorinated compounds in human milk from Massachusetts, U.S.A

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), notably perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), have been reported in human blood. Furthermore, the occurrence of PFCs in the blood of newborn babies, coupled with the need to study the potential association of PFC exposure with birth outcomes in neonates, suggests the need for determining the sources and magnitude of exposure in infants. In this study, nine PFCs were measured in 45 human breast milk samples collected in 2004 from Massachusetts, U.S.A. PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs found at mean concentrations of 131 and 43.8 pg/mL, respectively. Comparison of the ratio of PFOS to PFOA in human milk with the ratios published for human serum from the U.S. female population suggested preferential partitioning of PFOA to milk. Concentrations of PFOA were significantly higher in the milk of mothers nursing for the first time (n = 34) than in the milk of mothers who have previously nursed (n = 8). Based on the estimated body weight and milk intake, the average and highest daily intakes of total PFCs by infants were 23.5 and 87.1 ng/kg bw, respectively. We found that the daily ingestion rates of PFOS and PFOA did not exceed the tolerable daily intake recommended by the U.K. Food Standards Agency. This is the first study to measure the occurrence of PFCs in human milk from the U.S.A.