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Related Concept Videos

The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor
11:11

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

Published on: August 1, 2014

Thyrohyoid vocal fold augmentation with calcium hydroxyapatite.

Catherine J Rees1, Debbie A Mouadeb, Peter C Belafsky

  • 1The Center for Voice and Swallowing, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|May 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The thyrohyoid approach for in-office vocal fold augmentation using calcium hydroxyapatite shows excellent clinical results for vocal fold medialization. This minimally invasive technique offers significant voice improvement with rare complications.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor
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Calvarial Model of Bone Augmentation in Rabbit for Assessment of Bone Growth and Neovascularization in Bone Substitution Materials
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Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Laryngeal Surgery
  • Voice Restoration

Background:

  • Vocal fold augmentation is crucial for treating voice disorders.
  • In-office procedures offer patient convenience and reduced costs.
  • The thyrohyoid approach is a potential method for vocal fold medialization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the thyrohyoid approach for in-office vocal fold augmentation.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of calcium hydroxyapatite as an injectable filler in this setting.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients undergoing thyrohyoid vocal fold augmentation.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, indications, complications, and clinical outcomes.
  • The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was used to measure functional voice improvement.

Main Results:

  • Fifty-one procedures were performed in 33 patients; 6% of procedures were aborted.
  • Complications were rare and self-limited, including vasovagal episodes and minor ulceration.
  • A statistically significant improvement in the Voice Handicap Index was observed post-procedure (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • The thyrohyoid approach for in-office vocal fold augmentation is effective and safe.
  • This technique has become a preferred method for vocal fold medialization under local anesthesia.
  • The procedure demonstrates excellent clinical results with a low complication rate.