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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica
12:01

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Published on: February 20, 2012

Nucleotide variation in Quercus crispula Blume.

N D Quang1, S Ikeda, K Harada

  • 1Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan. quanghoa@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp

Heredity
|May 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study characterizes nucleotide polymorphism in the oak species Quercus crispula, revealing higher variation than conifers but lower than aspen. Findings suggest recent population bottlenecks in southern Japan.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Population genetics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • The genus Quercus (oak) is crucial for understanding speciation and adaptation.
  • However, nucleotide polymorphism levels in its nuclear functional genes remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize nucleotide polymorphism in 11 gene fragments within natural populations of Quercus crispula.
  • To investigate levels of nucleotide variation, recombination, linkage disequilibrium, and genetic differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nucleotide polymorphism in 11 gene fragments from natural Quercus crispula populations.
  • Assessment of nucleotide variation, population recombination, inbreeding, and genetic differentiation.
  • Examination of linkage disequilibrium decay and statistical testing for population bottlenecks.

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Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens
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Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Published on: March 8, 2018

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses
08:08

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

Published on: June 16, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica
12:01

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Published on: February 20, 2012

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens
13:03

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Published on: March 8, 2018

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses
08:08

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

Published on: June 16, 2020

Main Results:

  • Nucleotide variation in Quercus crispula is higher than in conifers, comparable to European oaks, but lower than aspen.
  • The species exhibits relatively high population recombination, negligible within-population inbreeding, and modest between-population differentiation.
  • Faster linkage disequilibrium decay in certain populations and evidence supporting a recent bottleneck in southern Japan were observed, contrasting with colonization history expectations.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic variation and population structure of Quercus crispula present complex patterns.
  • Findings challenge expectations based on the recent colonization history of northern Japanese populations.
  • Further research is needed to reconcile observed patterns with evolutionary processes in oaks.