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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...
Atomic Weight01:25

Atomic Weight

Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams. Scientists arbitrarily define this amount of mass as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons, weighing only 9.11 × 10-28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. As a result, they do not contribute much to an element's overall atomic mass. This means that, when considering atomic mass, it is customary to ignore the mass of any electrons and calculate the...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
10:42

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Published on: May 3, 2019

The Brazilian time and frequency atomic standards program.

Mushtaq Ahmed1, Daniel V Magalhães, Aida Bebeachibuli

  • 1Optics Laboratories, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias
|May 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cesium atomic clocks, essential for science and technology, are advancing with cold-atom techniques. Research at USP São Carlos focuses on improving atomic clock precision and applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Metrology
  • Fundamental Physics

Background:

  • Cesium atomic beam clocks have been critical for over 40 years in applications like fundamental physics tests, telecommunications, and global positioning systems.
  • Optical cooling and trapping techniques have significantly enhanced atomic clock precision.
  • Cold-atom fountain and compact cold-atom clocks represent advancements in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the time and frequency metrology program at USP São Carlos.
  • To detail the development and characterization of cesium atomic-beam and cold-atom clocks.
  • To discuss the principles, construction, evaluation, and applications of these atomic clocks within the Brazilian program.

Main Methods:

  • Construction and characterization of atomic-beam clocks.
  • Development and evaluation of various cold-atom clock designs.
  • Application of optical cooling and trapping techniques.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated measurement precision of a few parts in 10^15 for cold-atom fountain clocks.
  • Development of a comprehensive time and frequency metrology program.
  • Characterization of both atomic-beam and cold-atom clock prototypes.

Conclusions:

  • Cold-atom technology offers significant improvements in atomic clock precision.
  • The USP São Carlos program is advancing cesium-based atomic clock technology.
  • These advancements have broad implications for scientific research and technological applications in Brazil.