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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Isolation of Cognate RNA-protein Complexes from Cells Using Oligonucleotide-directed Elution
10:53

Isolation of Cognate RNA-protein Complexes from Cells Using Oligonucleotide-directed Elution

Published on: January 16, 2017

RNA processing control in avian retroviruses.

Mark T McNally1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. mtm@mcw.edu

Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retroviral RNA processing involves splicing and polyadenylation. This review details novel avian retroviral mechanisms controlling RNA splicing to maintain unspliced RNA essential for viral replication and progeny virion formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Retroviral gene expression relies on host RNA polymerase II transcription.
  • Viral RNA undergoes processing, including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
  • Splicing is essential for env mRNA, but unspliced RNA is crucial for replication and virion formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RNA splicing and polyadenylation control mechanisms in avian retroviruses.
  • To understand how genome-length viral RNA is efficiently polyadenylated without splicing.
  • To explore the biological consequences of inefficient polyadenylation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on avian retroviruses.
  • Analysis of RNA processing pathways.
  • Examination of splicing and polyadenylation control mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified novel mechanisms controlling RNA splicing in avian retroviruses.
  • Demonstrated the importance of controlled splicing for preserving unspliced RNA pools.
  • Highlighted the coupling of splicing and polyadenylation and its implications.

Conclusions:

  • Avian retroviruses employ unique strategies to regulate RNA splicing and polyadenylation.
  • These mechanisms are critical for efficient viral replication and assembly.
  • Understanding these processes offers insights into fundamental RNA biology.