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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Dissecting direct reprogramming through integrative genomic analysis.

Tarjei S Mikkelsen1, Jacob Hanna, Xiaolan Zhang

  • 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

Nature
|May 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency involves complex gene expression changes. Partially reprogrammed cells get trapped due to incomplete factor repression and inefficient DNA demethylation, but RNA inhibition and demethylation inhibitors improve efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • * Cellular reprogramming and developmental biology.
  • * Genomic and epigenetic analysis of cell fate transitions.

Background:

  • * Somatic cells can regain pluripotency via ectopic transcription factor expression.
  • * Understanding reprogramming mechanisms is key for improving efficiency and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To perform an integrative genomic analysis of mouse fibroblast and B lymphocyte reprogramming.
  • * To investigate the mechanisms and kinetics of cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • * Integrative genomic analysis of mouse fibroblasts and B lymphocytes undergoing reprogramming.
  • * Analysis of gene expression, epigenetic states, and transcription factor activity.

Main Results:

  • * Fully reprogrammed cells achieve embryonic stem cell-like gene expression and epigenetic profiles.
  • * Partially reprogrammed cells exhibit incomplete transcription factor repression and DNA hypermethylation at key loci.
  • * Incomplete repression and inefficient DNA demethylation hinder complete reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • * Cells can be trapped in partially reprogrammed states by incomplete transcription factor silencing.
  • * DNA demethylation is a critical, yet inefficient, step in achieving pluripotency.
  • * RNA inhibition and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors enhance reprogramming efficiency.