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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

High-order harmonic transient grating spectroscopy in a molecular jet.

Y Mairesse¹, D Zeidler, N Dudovich

¹National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.

Physical Review Letters

|June 4, 2008

Summary

We developed high harmonic transient grating spectroscopy to study molecular excitation. This technique significantly improves signal contrast, revealing subtle wave packet dynamics and pump-intensity dependencies.

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Area of Science:

* Quantum optics and molecular spectroscopy.
* Nonlinear optics and ultrafast phenomena.

Background:

* High-order harmonic generation (HHG) is a key process for generating extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation.
* Studying molecular dynamics requires sensitive spectroscopic techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

* To develop a novel spectroscopic method for probing excited molecular states.
* To enhance the sensitivity and contrast of high harmonic signals from molecular gratings.

Main Methods:

* Utilized a four-wave-mixing-like configuration for high-order harmonic generation.
* Employed transient grating spectroscopy with rotationally excited molecules.
* Analyzed the spatial profile of emitted high harmonics as a function of pump-probe delay.

Main Results:

* Achieved a dramatic improvement in the contrast of the diffracted high harmonic signal.
* Observed subtle effects in rotational wave packet excitation.
* Demonstrated the pump-intensity dependence of wave packet dynamics.

Conclusions:

* High harmonic transient grating spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying molecular dynamics.
* The technique offers broad applicability to various molecular excitations, including weak resonant ones.
* Enables detailed investigation of ultrafast molecular processes.