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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
11:38

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

Reversible phase transition of colloids in a binary liquid solvent.

Hua Guo1, Theyencheri Narayanan, Michael Sztuchi

  • 1Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1018XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

We observed reversible phase transitions in polystyrene particles within a binary liquid mixture. These transitions, from gas to liquid and solid crystal or glass states, were controlled by temperature.

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

Published on: April 19, 2018

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Colloid and interface science
  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Charge-stabilized colloidal suspensions exhibit complex phase behavior.
  • Binary liquid mixtures offer tunable solvent properties for colloidal systems.
  • Understanding phase transitions is crucial for designing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fluid-fluid and fluid-solid phase transitions in colloidal suspensions.
  • To characterize the phases formed by polystyrene particles in a 3-methylpyridine/water mixture.
  • To explore the role of density matching and temperature in controlling colloidal phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a binary liquid mixture (3-methylpyridine and water) as a solvent.
  • Employing charge-stabilized polystyrene particles.
  • Leveraging small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for phase characterization.
  • Controlling phase transitions using temperature as the primary parameter.

Main Results:

  • Observed thermally reversible fluid-fluid and fluid-solid phase transitions.
  • Identified distinct phases including colloidal gas, liquid, face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal, and glass.
  • Demonstrated the ability to follow phase behavior due to close density matching between particles and solvent.
  • Achieved complete coexistence of macroscopic phases by tuning temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Polystyrene particle suspensions in binary liquid mixtures exhibit rich phase behavior.
  • Temperature is an effective control parameter for inducing and observing colloidal phase transitions.
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering is a powerful tool for characterizing colloidal phases.
  • This study provides insights into the fundamental principles governing colloidal self-assembly.