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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
11:19

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Published on: July 4, 2016

Electrically driven spin dynamics of paramagnetic impurities.

D Saha1, L Siddiqui, P Bhattacharya

  • 1Solid-State Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. dipankar@eecs.umich.edu

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical polarization of electron spins in manganese-doped gallium arsenide (GaAs) was achieved using a lateral spin valve. This study reveals spin dynamics influenced by exchange interactions, with a time constant of 80 ns at 15 K.

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Semiconductor Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Dilute paramagnetic impurities in semiconductor channels are crucial for spintronic devices.
  • Lateral spin valves offer a platform for electrical manipulation of electron spins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spin dynamics of paramagnetic manganese (Mn) impurities in a GaAs channel within a lateral spin valve.
  • To understand the electrical polarization of Mn electron spins and their interaction with conduction band electrons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a MnAs/GaAs/MnAs lateral spin valve structure.
  • Investigated transient current measurements to probe spin dynamics.
  • Analyzed the temperature dependence of spin interaction time constants.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated electrical polarization of paramagnetic Mn electron spins via the spin valve.
  • Observed transient current signatures indicative of exchange interaction between GaAs conduction electrons and Mn spins.
  • Determined the spin interaction time constant to be approximately 80 nanoseconds at 15 Kelvin.

Conclusions:

  • Electrical control of localized magnetic moments in semiconductors is feasible.
  • Exchange interaction plays a key role in spin dynamics within Mn-doped GaAs spin valves.
  • The temperature-dependent time constant provides insights into the spin relaxation mechanisms.